The Difference Between a Credit Report and Credit Score
Credit reports and credit scores are often misunderstood. Understanding these products can be confusing especially when consumers hear about how important credit scores are combined with the intense marketing of credit scores and credit report services.
Credit score and credit reports are closely related yet completely different products. A credit report is a list of all of credit information, public record information, and identification information that the credit reporting agencies have on file under an individual’s name. A credit score is a numerical summary of the information that is present in a credit report.
Credit reporting agencies collect and maintain records of an individuals credit records that are supplied by credit card companies, banks, mortgage companies, and other lending institutions. The information on credit accounts that are supplied to the credit reporting agencies by the creditors including the amount of money borrowed, payment records and additional data is used to create a credit report. There are three primary credit reporting agencies in the U.S. Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion.
The information in a credit report provided by the creditors is then used to calculate a credit score. The credit score is a three digit number that is used to determine the credit risk of a borrower for creditors and businesses assessing the financial risks of potential customers.
All individuals are entitled to at least one free copy of their credit report from the three big credit reporting agencies in the U.S. annually. Credit scores do not come with the free credit reports that are required to be provided to consumers by law, credit scores are not free.
The credit score that is calculated based on the information in a credit report may be different depending on the credit reporting agency used to determine the score as well as the type of credit score.
The most widely known type of credit score is the FICO Score. FICO Scores are the most common score used by financial institutions but there are many non-FICO credit scores available as well.
Individual credit reports from the three big credit reporting agencies are usually very similar, but they are not identical. Since the information in each credit report is somewhat different, the three credit scores from the credit reporting agencies will also be different.
Data in a credit report changes periodically, depending on how many credit accounts a an individual may have, the credit data in a credit report may change several times in a month. Since the credit score is based on the data in a credit report, a credit score will fluctuate over time and can change as often as the data in the report changes. The more accounts an individual has the more likely their score is to fluctuate as the data in their report changes when the creditors send updated data regarding an account to the credit report agencies.
Credit and Credit Scores after Bankruptcy
Filing bankruptcy is a series decision that impacts an individual’s credit and credit score for quite some time. Bankruptcy doesn’t have to shut off credit access altogether nor does filing bankruptcy have to be significant detriment for financial success. There are certainly numerous cases of individuals that have filed for bankruptcy and rebounded stronger and gone on to create significant wealth.
A bankruptcy is always one of the biggest negative factors that impact a credit score. How much of an impact it will have on an individual score will depend on the entire credit history and data in the credit report. As time passes, the negative impact of the bankruptcy decreases and the credit score will improve. A credit score can improve significantly faster with a little help and work.
Consumers who file for bankruptcy, file for a variety of reasons ranging from job loss, divorce, medical costs to poor credit decisions. In general, the reason for the bankruptcy doesn’t matter to future lenders and or the credit score calculation. If an individual filed for bankruptcy protection regarding only medical services this would have somewhat of a slighter impact than a bankruptcy that affects all credit. But bankruptcies that only include medial costs are rare and the credit score is going to take a big hit do to the bankruptcy record in most any situation.
The impact to an individual’s scores regarding future credit prospects are the same since most all loan decisions no longer look at qualitative factors such as why an individuals credit is poor rather banks and lenders just numbers such as the credit score and debt ratios, etc…
A credit score takes a big hit from the records of the bankruptcy on the credit report; the impact is different for all cases since the credit history of the individual is different before the bankruptcy. The credit reports of individuals that file bankruptcy often look bad with numerous late payments, collections, and judgments. The credit scores in these cases are already hammered pretty hard before any bankruptcy filing hits the credit report.
After a bankruptcy has been filed, the sooner the individual begins reestablishing credit in good standing, the sooner the credit score will rebound.
For those consumers that have credit available after the bankruptcy, they should keep that credit open. If an individual was able to keep a credit card that was not included in the bankruptcy because there was no balance on it, keeping the line of credit on the credit card open will help rebuild the credit score.
A good start for new credit is to obtain a secured credit card. In may help to even obtain more than one card and continually make monthly payments on time without running up new long term debt. As more time goes by after the bankruptcy the impact of the bankruptcy on the credit score lessens, and it may be possible to apply for a traditional credit card without security.
In general, the derogatory account information reported on a credit report has the most adverse affect on a credit score for the first 24 months after it is recorded. Once an individual is discharged from bankruptcy, they can apply and open new credit whether it’s a bank credit card, retail charge card, gas card and loan.
The nest step after establishing new credit, whether it be on existing accounts or secured credit cards, is to credit any inaccuracies in the credit report that may be holding the credit score down. If an individual finds inaccurate records on accounts that should be removed due to the dates or balances or amount owed, they have the right to dispute these errors. A dispute letter should be sent to each of the credit reporting agencies to correct the errors at Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion no matter how small the error is.
For each of the derogatory records or accounts on a credit report such as collection accounts or judgments or late payments, it is always helpful to check the dates and balances to see if either the amount is wrong on these accounts or to see if the account is past the deadline to remain in the report. Credit scores often have the greatest improvements when expired, derogatory data is removed or inaccurate derogatory data is removed. A key element regarding inaccurate balances is that if the creditor can not validate the amount to the credit reporting agency it has to be removed.
As a final note, always be extra careful not to make any late payments, using new credit responsibly, and don’t apply for too much credit without a purpose. Overtime a credit score will improve as new positive records are posted to the credit report.
The information about bankruptcy is for educational purposes only and is believed to be accurate but is not complete. Freecreditscorehelp.com does not offer legal advice. It is strongly recommended that individuals seek professional legal advice in the event of a bankruptcy filing.
Will a Debt Consolidation Loan Help My Credit Score?
A: Debt consolidation loans are one of many alternatives to help improve an individual’s financial position. Debt consolidation loans can reduce a number of monthly debt payments into one consolidated payment that will usually have a much lower monthly payment. The debt consolidation can certainly reduce monthly payments and reduce stress but the impact on credit scores will generally be fairly small shortly after the loan. Over time a debt consolidation loan can improve a credit score more significantly.
The main factors that are used to calculate a credit score include: payment history, amount of debt owed, length of credit history, new credit and types of credit used. Based on this information, a reasonable conclusion is that the credit score will not change since none of these factors are technically altered. The amount of debt an individual has remains the same, the debt is just moved on to one account from several accounts. And though any accounts that may have been late in the past are now paid off and consolidated into one loan, those payment histories will still remain in the credit report.
The factor used in credit score models that does improve, is a subset of the amount owed. Measuring the amount owed on an individual’s credit report to determine a credit score evaluates several aspects of the accounts including the total amount owed on accounts, the amount owing on specific types of accounts, the number of accounts with balances, the proportion of credit lines used or the proportion of balances on revolving credit accounts such as credit cards to the total credit limit, and the proportion of installment loan amounts still due or the proportion of installment loan balances to the original loan amount.
One of the factors that changes with a consolidation loan, mentioned in the list above, is credit utilization or the total balances in relation to the available credit. Since the new consolidation loan pays off a number of other balances on credit cards and other accounts that are included in the new consolidation loan, those accounts will now experience a measurable increase in available credit. The new loan doesn’t change the amount of debt; it simply increases the total available credit with the new loan amount and reduces balances on more than one account that were paid off with the new loan. Over time this will increase the credit score.
Since the component of the credit score that will be impacted the most by the consolidation loan is the amount of credit available, which has become available due to the new consolidation loan, these accounts should not be closed. If the accounts are closed after they are paid off, this will reduce the amount of credit available, thus lowering the credit score.
Overall, it can be very difficult to say how any one single factor or new information will impact a credit score because the value of each factor depends on the overall information in the credit report. The credit score is dependent on the mix of information, which varies from person to person and for any one person over time.
Drawbacks of Credit Cards and Credit Use
One of the primary reasons consumers run into credit issues and subsequently suffer with a low credit score is too much credit card debt. Excessive and unmanageable credit card debt not only causes credit and credit score problems but also is a primary cause of personal bankruptcy filings.
The use of credit usually involves spending money that is not readily available. Obtaining a home mortgage is one form of credit in which borrowers use the money extended with the credit to buy a house. Most individuals would not have the cash available to buy a home without credit being extended with a mortgage. Historically, obtaining a mortgage to buy a house has been a sound use of credit since the borrowed funds were used to purchase and asset, and that asset usually appreciates in value while the debt obtained to buy the assets is reduced in value over time with monthly mortgage payments.
Credit card debt is also used to make purchases with money not readily available, similar to mortgage loan used to buy a house, but credit card debt is usually incurred to purchase disposable items not assets. Credit card purchases are rarely used to buy an asset that is going to appreciate rather they are used for toys, trips, TVs and related consumption goods.
Since consumers can spend more than they currently have with credit, they can easily spend more than they can afford. This is true when credit is used to buy a home but is especially true or more common when credit cards are used. The primary reason is that access to credit cards has been relatively easy and accessible allowing more consumers to lose control over this type of credit.
With credit card use, as the credit card balance increases with purchases and other transactions, the minimum monthly payments also increase, and soon many credit card users find themselves in over their head. This problem is exacerbated if interest rates on the credit card are high or have become high due to late payments and the credit card fees are accumulating. Unmanageable credit card monthly payments tens to lead to late payments and a deteriorating credit history.
Credit card debt generally carries a high interest rate. When someone buys a home, the interest rate on the loan is often 10% lower than the rate on a credit card. Since credit cards are so prevalent, very few consumers pay attention to just how expensive credit card debt is.
Due to these high interest rates, the minimum monthly payment on the total balance due may cover little more than the monthly interest charge. Consequently, the minimum payment may only minimally decrease what is already owed. The low minimum payments, high interest rates and ease of access frequently adds up to trouble for many consumers who end up struggling to pay off the debt they have accumulated to buy everyday items. The end result is a poor credit score, added stress and a decreased standard of living.
Many credit card holders try to manage the high interest rates by accepting promotional credit card offers to transfer credit card balances or open new credit cards with a lower rate. Often these moves simply exacerbate the debt load problem by adding new debt without paying off the accumulated credit card debt.
Some of the reason that new low rate credit cards and balance transfers fail to help is that the low rate offers may be offered on balance transfers with new purchases and cash advances are billed at a higher interest rate and the charges offset the savings you would otherwise enjoy. There are also limitations on the new low rates that are frequently ignored by the card holder as well as the problem that many credit card holders fail to stop using the older credit cards. The result again is higher monthly payment that can lead to late payments, a poor credit history and a low credit score.
To minimize the chances of being a victim of too much credit card debt and a low credit score as result of these burdensome payments, minimize or eliminate credit card use. If the funds are not available simply forgo the purchase. The headache of trying to pay off high rate debt is hardly worth the joy of a new TV, dinner out or other immediate consumption items. Low credit scores and poor credit histories start with too much credit card debt that started with just a little credit card debt.
Watch for Debt Collection Scams
Debt collection scams can cost consumers financially as well as cost time and aggravation. Debt collection scams and errors occur when the information about a consumer’s debt is recorded incorrectly. Errors regarding debts and debt collections may include minor issues such as the wrong amount recorded in the credit report or major issues such as the wrong person being attributed to the bad debt.
Errors often occur when a bad debt is released or sold from the original creditor to a collection company. These bad debt errors can cost an individual money with unnecessary payments as well as a poor credit history and bad credit score.
Unfortunately, in some egregious cases the debt collection error is due to willful acts made by the collection agency. Collection agencies that end up doing more damage to an individual credit history and credit score by not recording payments properly or displaying a debt as not paid when it should be and other related problems that are caused by willful neglect or intentional deceit.
An example of improper acts conducted by collection agencies was brought to light by a settlement between the FTC and large collection agency. The FTC news release regarding this settlement simply stated “Claimed Debts Were Owed Despite Consumers’ Disputes”
In the press release by the FTC the complaint stated that a nationwide debt collector has agreed to pay a fine of more than $1 million to settle charges that it violated federal law by inaccurately reporting credit information and pressing consumers to pay debts they often did not owe. The FTC charged a company called Credit Bureau Collection Services with these actions and of violating the FTC Act and the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act.
The company was charged with violating the Fair Credit Reporting Act by reporting information to credit reporting agencies that consumers had proved was inaccurate, failing to inform the credit reporting agencies that consumers had disputed the debts, and failing to investigate the accounts after receiving a notice of dispute from a credit reporting agency.
The Federal Trade Commission is a federal government agency authorized to prevent fraudulent, deceptive, and unfair business practices and includes practices in credit reporting and debt collections. Unfortunately, by the time the FTC addresses an issue there may be numerous consumers who have already experienced damaging results by the actions of others. Knowing the laws and rules regarding credit reports, credits cores and debt collections can help save someone from being the victim of unlawful practices and abuses.
Managing Money and Credit
Learning how to manage money the right way is an important step for individuals to take toward controlling their financial position. Understanding where your money is coming from and where it’s going to, not only helps to manage a household budget but can make sure that an individual’s credit remains good as well as helping to improve credit and credit scores that are already weak.
One of the first steps toward financial control and sound credit management is to calculate your net income. In order to improve credit and hence improve credit scores, the first step has to be knowing all of your sources of income after deductions, like income taxes and 401k, are taken into consideration. This net figure ultimately determines how much money can be spent each month on living expenses and debt repayment.
The next step is to make sure all accounts are current or have current information. Along with gathering and managing all current accounts, balancing the checkbook is a critical component in money management since it provides the information on exactly how much money is currently available to save or spend. Prepare statements on all bills and debt and make sure the checkbook is balanced and up to date.
Create a personal budget is next logical step to managing money and credit. A budget is an important tool to control spending, help manage debt and improve savings. A budget can be a fundamental starting point to help you achieve your financial goals. A budget is also a good way to understand what is important to you. Items of consumption such as new toys and cars and furniture are nice but hardly important to our lives and relationships. Determine what’s important in your life including credit, debt and relationships with a budget.
Once a budget is in place it times to take a close look at credit card debt and minimize the use of credit cards. Always use your credit cards wisely. The credit card rates on outstanding balances add up quickly and buying goods that cannot be paid for with current income is only going to make money management harder and stress levels higher. Credit card debt is an easy trap to fall into. The best way to avoid this trap is to avoid using credit cards altogether.
Now its time to pay down any outstanding debt. For those consumers that have credit card debt or other debts, one of the best approaches is to pay the maximum amount of funds available to the highest interest rate debts first and the minimum on lower interest debts to pay debts faster. Call the credit card companies to make better payment arrangement and lower the interest rate to help solve your debt burden.
Now, establish a savings plan. Try to set up an automatic withdrawal plan for forced savings, contribute to a 401K or deposit a portion of your monthly income into some kind of savings account. Even a small amount will add up when it is deposited monthly.
Review and understand your credit report. Obtain a credit report and become acquainted with your credit history. Annualcreditreport.com is the government mandated web site that lets consumers get access to one credit report from each of the three major credit reporting agencies annually. In order to improve your credit and improve your credit score, it is important to know where it stands presently. Repairing damaged credit can be easier than many people believe. But it does require work and no matter how bad the starting point is, you need to see the credit report and credit history to know where to start.
If the credit report shows late payments, high balances and credit lines, or bankruptcies or other collection activities, this will negatively impact an individual’s ability to get additional credit, housing, insurance and many other services that involve credit. Start now with good money management skills and fix as much of the credit report as possible to increase the credit score and credit profile.